The effect of amaranth based feed additives on the indicators of rabbits’ cellular immunity during the eimeriosis
Keywords:
Eimeria spp.; leukogram; T-lymphocyte; B-lymphocyte; О-lymphocyte; amaranth oilcake.
Abstract
Analysis of modern literary sources concluded that amaranth has high biological value and that eimeriosis is widespread across the rabbit farms. Therefore, to increase the effectiveness of natural feed additive usage, it is necessary to develop scientifically based systems for its use, taking into account animals’ biological characteristics and their disease. The animals of the experimental group were fed by an amaranth oilcake with the same feed as in the control group for one month. The infestation intensity (II) was determined by the method of McMaster. B- and T-lymphocytes count was determined by the spontaneous rosette formation method with sheep erythrocytes. It was found that feed additive based on amaranth oilcake reduced II by 2.58 times in the experimental group, while II in the control group was increased by 1.25 times. It has also decreased leukocyte count due to a drop-in lymphocytes regarding the preparatory period and control group, by 1.50 times and 1.29 times respectively. During this period, rabbits from the experimental group compared to the control and preparatory period had a lower number of neutrophilic metamyelocytes (by 3.62 and 2.24 times, respectively) and eosinophils (by 1.91 and 2.26 times, respectively). Monocytes and basophils in the rabbits’ experimental group decreased by 1.79 and 3.40 times compared with the control ones. It was found that in the control, during the month, there was an increase in the number of neutrophilic metamyelocytes by 2.00 times, monocytes by 3.09 times and basophils by 1.89 times compared to the decrease of eosinophils by 1.55 times. In the blood of experimental group animals, relative to the preparatory period and control, a decrease in the number of B-lymphocytes (by 1.36 and 1.53 times, respectively), O-lymphocytes (by 2.26 and 4.39 times), T-helpers (by 1.69 and 1.45 times), T-active (2.35 and 1.73 times), IRI (at 1.81 times and 1.32 times), while the percentage of T-lymphocytes increased (by 1.23 times) than in the control group. The percentage of T-suppressors in the experimental group increased by 1.93 times against a decrease in T-active lymphocytes by 1.17 times compared to the control. The amaranth oilcake showed an eimeriostatic effect when feeding it to animals for a month. The feed additive suppressed the inflammatory processes in the intestinal mucosa, that aroused by the parasite Eimeria spp. Prospects for further research are to determine the effect of this oilcake on the level of rabbits’ blood A, G, M immunoglobulins during eimeriosis.Downloads
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References
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Augustine, P. C., Danforth, H. D., & McAndrew, S. J. (1988). Monoclonal Antibodies Reveal Antigenic Differences in Refractile Bodies of Avian Eimeria Sporozoites. The Journal of Parasitology, 74(4), 653.
Chatenoud, L., & Bach, J. F. (1990). Monoclonal antibodies to CD3 as immunosuppressants. Seminars in Immunology, 2(6), 437–477.
Cheredeev, A. N. (1976). Kolichestvennaya i funkcional’naya ocenka T- i V-sistem immuniteta u cheloveka [Quantitative and functional assessment of T-and B-systems of human immunity]. General Questions Pathologists, 4, 126–160 (in Russian).
Chernyh, R. N., & Pepelina, V. A. (1996). Muka iz semjan rapsa i amaranta v kombikormah dlja cypljat-brojlerov [Rapeseed and amaranth flour in mixed feeds for broiler chickens]. Zootehnija, 12, 16–17 (in Russian).
Daugalieva, Je. H., & Kurochkina, K. G. (1996). Immunosupressija pri gel’mіntozah [Helminthiasis immunosuppression]. Trudy Vsesojuznogo Insituta Gel’mintologii, 32, 31–36 (in Russian).
Dovgij, Ju. Ju., Dubova, O. A., & Feshhenko, D. V. (2011). Najposhyrenishi invazijni hvoroby svijs’kyh tvaryn v Ukrai’ni [The most common invasive diseases of domestic animals in Ukraine]. 27-39 (in Ukrainian).
Duda, Y. V. (2019a). Cellular immunity of rabbits incase of parasite association (Treponema cuniculi and Eimeria sp.). Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 21(96), 8–13.
Duda, Y. V. (2019b). Non-specific resistance of the rabbits organism affected by causative pathogen Treponema cuniculi and Eimeria sp. Veterinary Science, Technologies of Animal Husbandry and Nature Management, (4), 50–54.
Elchiev, Ja. Ja., Musaev, M. A., Agaev, K. H., & Madatov, R. I. (1992). Izuchenie antigennogo sostava oocist Eimeria tenella i E. аcervulina [Study of the antigenic composition of Eimeria tenella and E. acervulina oocysts]. Citologija, 34 (4), 58 (in Russian).
Fedorov, A. A., & Antipova, L. V. (2010). Primenenie zhmyha iz semjan amaranta v proizvodstve kombinirovannyh mjasnyh produktov [The use of oilcake from amaranth seeds in the production of combined meat products]. Izvestija Vysshih Uchebnyh Zavedenij. Pishhevaja Tehnologija, (4), 11–13 (in Russian).
Franchuk-Kryva, L. (2019). Perspectives of application herbal preparation in eimeriosis. Young Scientist, 2(66).
Gao, A., & Van Dyke, T. E. (2014). Role of suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 in bone inflammatory responses. Frontiers in Immunology, 4.
Gavrilina, O., & Kolesnik, A. (2016). Osoblyvosti laboratornoi’ diagnostyky ejmeriozu kroliv [Features of laboratory diagnostics of rabbit eimeriosis]. Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine, 4(4), 55–58 (in Ukrainian).
Hejsin, E. M. (1967). Zhiznennye cikly kokcidij domashnih zhivotnyh [Life cycles of pet coccidia]. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).
Hossary, G. A., Sofany, R. H., & Farag, M. A. (2000). Phytochemical and biological investigation of Amaranthus viridis L. growing in Egypt. Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 38, 2, 129–132.
Jing, F., Yin, G., Liu, X., Suo, X., & Qin, Y. (2011). Large-scale survey of the prevalence of Eimeria infections in domestic rabbits in China. Parasitology Research, 110(4), 1495–1500.
Kazmirchuk, V. Ie. (2007). Interpretatsiia leikohramy ta imunohramy zghidno z suchasnymy pozytsiiamy [Interpretation of leacographic and immunographic considerations with modern positions]. Vnutrenniaia Medytsyna, 4(4) (in Ukrainian).
Korenskaya, I. М. (2012). Farmakognosticheskoe izuchenie semjan razlichnyh sortov amaranta pechal’nogo (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) [The pharmacognostic study of several Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. cultivars seeds]. Perm’ (in Russian).
Levytska, V. A. (2011). Epizootologija zmishanoi’ ejmerioznoi’ invazii’ kroliv v zoni Podillja [Epizootology of mixed eimeriosis invasion of rabbits in the Podillya region]. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies. Series «Veterinary Sciences». Part 2, 13, 4(50), 209–211 (in Ukrainian).
Liu, J., Liu, L., Li, L., Tian, D., Li, W., Xu, L., Yan, R., Li, X., & Song, X. (2018). Protective immunity induced by Eimeria common antigen 14–3-3 against Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima. BMC Veterinary Research, 14(1).
Madatov, R. I., & Elchiev, Ja. Ja. (1992). Opredelenie kolichestva T- i V-limfocitov v limfoidnyh organah cypljat pri zarazhenii i immunizacii Eimeria tenella [Determination of the number of T and B lymphocytes in the lymphoid organs of chickens during infection and immunization with Eimeria tenella]. Citologija, 34, 4, 90 (in Russian).
Manzhos, O. F., Peredera, O. O., & Peredera, R. V. (2010). Efektyvnist okremykh preparativ pry likuvanni eimeriozu kroliv [The effectiveness of individual drugs in the treatment of rabies eimeriosis]. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies. Series «Veterinary Sciences». Part 1, 12, 2(44), 211–215 (in Ukrainian).
Masljanko, R. P. (1999). Osnovy imunobiologii [Fundamentals of immunobiology]. Vertykal, Lviv (in Ukrainian).
Maslyanko, R. P., Oleksiuk, I. I., & Padovsky, A. I. (2001). Metodichnі rekomendatcії dlia otcіnki ta kontroliu іmunnogo statusu tvarin: viznachennia faktorіv nespetcifіchnoї rezistentnostі, klіtinnikh і gumoralnikh mekhanіzmіv іmunіtetu proti іnfektcіinikh zakhvoriuvan [Methodical recommendations for the evaluation and control of the immune status of animals: determination of factors of nonspecific resistance, cellular and humoral mechanisms of immunity against infectious diseases]. Lviv, (in Ukrainian).
Mishra, M., Tarunkumar, S., Venkatesan, B., Suriaprabha, K., Mullaicharam, A. R., & Muthuprasanna, P. (2007). Antipyretic activity of ethanolic extract of an Indian based herbal drug-amaranthus spinosus. Journal of Natural Products, 3(3), 190–193.
Musaev, M. A., Elchiev, Ja. Ja., & Madatov, R. I. (1996). Sostojanie T- i V-sistem immuniteta pri jejmerioze (Eimeria tenella) domashnih kur [The state of T- and B-systems of immunity in eimeriosis (Eimeria tenella) of domestic chickens]. Parazitologija, 30, 4, 336–342 (in Russian).
Ologunde, M. O., Sheperd, R. L., & Afolabi, O. A. (1992). Biodisponibilidad del hierro para la dela harina de granos de amaranto. El Amaranto El Su Potential, 3-4, 20–21.
Padmavathi, P., Muralidharam, S. R.,G., & Krishnaswamy, S. (1988). A study of the effect of immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide on experimental Eimeria tenella infection. Indian Veterinary Journal, 65(9), 775–778.
Pakandl, M., Hlaskova, L., Poplstein, M., Neveceralova, M., Vodicka, T., Salat, J., & Mucksova, J. (2008). Immune response to rabbit coccidiosis: a comparison between infections with Eimeria flavescens and E. intestinalis. Folia Parasitologica, 55(1), 1–6.
Pankova, S. N. (1997). Fonoforez amarantovogo masla pri lechenii nekotoryh zabolevanij slizistoj obolochki polosti rta [Phonophoresis of amaranth oil in the treatment of certain diseases of the oral mucosa]. Novye i Netradicionnye Rastenija i Perspektivy ih Ispol’zovanija, 1, 152–153 (in Russian).
Papeschi, C., Fichi, G., & Perrucci, S. (2013). Oocyst excretion pattern of three intestinal Eimeria species in female rabbits. World Rabbit Science, 21(2).
Petrov, R. V., Haitov, P. M., & Ataullahanov, R. I. (1983). Immunogenetika i iskusstvennye antigeny [Immunogenetics and artificial antigens]. Medicine, Moscow (in Russian).
Pino, A. C., Penate, M. A., Perez, T. G., & Nilda, R. (1991). Evaluacion toxicologia de una variaded de amaranto. Rev Cubana Aliment Nutr, 5(1), 83–87.
Pisarikova, B., Zraly, Z., Kracmar, S., Trckova, M., & Herzig, I. (2006). The use of amaranth (genus Amaranthus L.) in the diets for broiler chickens. Veterinarni Medicina, 51(7), 399–407.
Reduker, D. W., & Speer, C. A. (1986). Antigens of in vitro-produced first-generation merozoites of Eimeria bovis (Apicomplexa). The Journal of Parasitology, 72(5), 782.
Rose, M. E. (1975). Infections with Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina in the fowl: effect of previous infection with the heterologous organism on oocyst production. Parasitology, 70(2), 263–271.
Samitas, K., Lötvall, J., & Bossios, A. (2010). B cells: from early development to regulating allergic diseases. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis, 58(3), 209–225.
Sidorova, K. A., Esenbaeva, K. S., Petrova, N. A., Bektasheva, A. A., & Veremeeva, S. A. (2008). Kormovye dobavki v racionah krolikov [Feed additives in rabbit diets]. Veterinarnyj Vrach, 6, 51–53 (in Russian).
Sitailo, S. G., Elchaninova, T. I., & Vasilenko, Y. I. (2000). Sovremennye metody otcenki immunnogo statusa [Modern methods for assessing the immune status]. Krivoy Rog (in Ukrainian).
Slobodjan, R. O. (2016). Ejmerioz teljat (poshyrennja, diagnostyka ta likuvannja) [Eimeriosis of calves (distribution, diagnosis and treatment)]. Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
Trofimov, N. N., & Stegnij, B. T. (2014). Problemy jejmerioza krolikov v hozjajstvah AR Krym [Problems of eimeriosis of rabbits in farms of Crimea]. Veterinarija i Kormlenie, 3, 36–37 (in Russian).
Vlizlo, V. V., Fedorchuk, R. S., & Ratych, I. B. (2012). Laboratorni metody doslidzhen u biolohii, tvarynnytstvi ta veterynarnii medytsyni: dovidnyk [Laboratory methods of research in biology, livestock and veterinary medicine]. Lviv, Spolom, (in Ukrainian).
Wang, P., Li, J., Gong, P., Wang, W., Ai, Y., & Zhang, X. (2018). An OTU deubiquitinating enzyme in Eimeria tenella interacts with Eimeria tenella virus RDRP. Parasites & Vectors, 11(1).
Wisher, M. H. (1986). Identification of the sporozoite antigens of Eimeria tenella. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 21(1), 7–15.
Zajac, A. M. (1987). The role of gastrointestinal immuniti in parasitic infections of small animals. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, 2(4), 274–281.
Zhdan, V. M., Zazykina, D. S., & Lebid, V. G. (2010). Aspekty praktychnoi gematologii [Aspects of practical hematology]. Poltava (in Ukrainian).
Zhukov, Ju. A., & Hirug, S. S. (1993). Izmenenie funkcional’nogo sostojanija serdechnososudistoj sistemy zhivotnyh pri kormlenii ih amarantom [Change in the functional state of the cardiovascular system of animals when feeding them with amaranth]. Amarant: agrojekologija, pererabotka, ispol’zovanie, 89–92 (in Russian).
Augustine, P. C., Danforth, H. D., & McAndrew, S. J. (1988). Monoclonal Antibodies Reveal Antigenic Differences in Refractile Bodies of Avian Eimeria Sporozoites. The Journal of Parasitology, 74(4), 653.
Chatenoud, L., & Bach, J. F. (1990). Monoclonal antibodies to CD3 as immunosuppressants. Seminars in Immunology, 2(6), 437–477.
Cheredeev, A. N. (1976). Kolichestvennaya i funkcional’naya ocenka T- i V-sistem immuniteta u cheloveka [Quantitative and functional assessment of T-and B-systems of human immunity]. General Questions Pathologists, 4, 126–160 (in Russian).
Chernyh, R. N., & Pepelina, V. A. (1996). Muka iz semjan rapsa i amaranta v kombikormah dlja cypljat-brojlerov [Rapeseed and amaranth flour in mixed feeds for broiler chickens]. Zootehnija, 12, 16–17 (in Russian).
Daugalieva, Je. H., & Kurochkina, K. G. (1996). Immunosupressija pri gel’mіntozah [Helminthiasis immunosuppression]. Trudy Vsesojuznogo Insituta Gel’mintologii, 32, 31–36 (in Russian).
Dovgij, Ju. Ju., Dubova, O. A., & Feshhenko, D. V. (2011). Najposhyrenishi invazijni hvoroby svijs’kyh tvaryn v Ukrai’ni [The most common invasive diseases of domestic animals in Ukraine]. 27-39 (in Ukrainian).
Duda, Y. V. (2019a). Cellular immunity of rabbits incase of parasite association (Treponema cuniculi and Eimeria sp.). Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 21(96), 8–13.
Duda, Y. V. (2019b). Non-specific resistance of the rabbits organism affected by causative pathogen Treponema cuniculi and Eimeria sp. Veterinary Science, Technologies of Animal Husbandry and Nature Management, (4), 50–54.
Elchiev, Ja. Ja., Musaev, M. A., Agaev, K. H., & Madatov, R. I. (1992). Izuchenie antigennogo sostava oocist Eimeria tenella i E. аcervulina [Study of the antigenic composition of Eimeria tenella and E. acervulina oocysts]. Citologija, 34 (4), 58 (in Russian).
Fedorov, A. A., & Antipova, L. V. (2010). Primenenie zhmyha iz semjan amaranta v proizvodstve kombinirovannyh mjasnyh produktov [The use of oilcake from amaranth seeds in the production of combined meat products]. Izvestija Vysshih Uchebnyh Zavedenij. Pishhevaja Tehnologija, (4), 11–13 (in Russian).
Franchuk-Kryva, L. (2019). Perspectives of application herbal preparation in eimeriosis. Young Scientist, 2(66).
Gao, A., & Van Dyke, T. E. (2014). Role of suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 in bone inflammatory responses. Frontiers in Immunology, 4.
Gavrilina, O., & Kolesnik, A. (2016). Osoblyvosti laboratornoi’ diagnostyky ejmeriozu kroliv [Features of laboratory diagnostics of rabbit eimeriosis]. Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine, 4(4), 55–58 (in Ukrainian).
Hejsin, E. M. (1967). Zhiznennye cikly kokcidij domashnih zhivotnyh [Life cycles of pet coccidia]. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).
Hossary, G. A., Sofany, R. H., & Farag, M. A. (2000). Phytochemical and biological investigation of Amaranthus viridis L. growing in Egypt. Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 38, 2, 129–132.
Jing, F., Yin, G., Liu, X., Suo, X., & Qin, Y. (2011). Large-scale survey of the prevalence of Eimeria infections in domestic rabbits in China. Parasitology Research, 110(4), 1495–1500.
Kazmirchuk, V. Ie. (2007). Interpretatsiia leikohramy ta imunohramy zghidno z suchasnymy pozytsiiamy [Interpretation of leacographic and immunographic considerations with modern positions]. Vnutrenniaia Medytsyna, 4(4) (in Ukrainian).
Korenskaya, I. М. (2012). Farmakognosticheskoe izuchenie semjan razlichnyh sortov amaranta pechal’nogo (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) [The pharmacognostic study of several Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. cultivars seeds]. Perm’ (in Russian).
Levytska, V. A. (2011). Epizootologija zmishanoi’ ejmerioznoi’ invazii’ kroliv v zoni Podillja [Epizootology of mixed eimeriosis invasion of rabbits in the Podillya region]. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies. Series «Veterinary Sciences». Part 2, 13, 4(50), 209–211 (in Ukrainian).
Liu, J., Liu, L., Li, L., Tian, D., Li, W., Xu, L., Yan, R., Li, X., & Song, X. (2018). Protective immunity induced by Eimeria common antigen 14–3-3 against Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima. BMC Veterinary Research, 14(1).
Madatov, R. I., & Elchiev, Ja. Ja. (1992). Opredelenie kolichestva T- i V-limfocitov v limfoidnyh organah cypljat pri zarazhenii i immunizacii Eimeria tenella [Determination of the number of T and B lymphocytes in the lymphoid organs of chickens during infection and immunization with Eimeria tenella]. Citologija, 34, 4, 90 (in Russian).
Manzhos, O. F., Peredera, O. O., & Peredera, R. V. (2010). Efektyvnist okremykh preparativ pry likuvanni eimeriozu kroliv [The effectiveness of individual drugs in the treatment of rabies eimeriosis]. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies. Series «Veterinary Sciences». Part 1, 12, 2(44), 211–215 (in Ukrainian).
Masljanko, R. P. (1999). Osnovy imunobiologii [Fundamentals of immunobiology]. Vertykal, Lviv (in Ukrainian).
Maslyanko, R. P., Oleksiuk, I. I., & Padovsky, A. I. (2001). Metodichnі rekomendatcії dlia otcіnki ta kontroliu іmunnogo statusu tvarin: viznachennia faktorіv nespetcifіchnoї rezistentnostі, klіtinnikh і gumoralnikh mekhanіzmіv іmunіtetu proti іnfektcіinikh zakhvoriuvan [Methodical recommendations for the evaluation and control of the immune status of animals: determination of factors of nonspecific resistance, cellular and humoral mechanisms of immunity against infectious diseases]. Lviv, (in Ukrainian).
Mishra, M., Tarunkumar, S., Venkatesan, B., Suriaprabha, K., Mullaicharam, A. R., & Muthuprasanna, P. (2007). Antipyretic activity of ethanolic extract of an Indian based herbal drug-amaranthus spinosus. Journal of Natural Products, 3(3), 190–193.
Musaev, M. A., Elchiev, Ja. Ja., & Madatov, R. I. (1996). Sostojanie T- i V-sistem immuniteta pri jejmerioze (Eimeria tenella) domashnih kur [The state of T- and B-systems of immunity in eimeriosis (Eimeria tenella) of domestic chickens]. Parazitologija, 30, 4, 336–342 (in Russian).
Ologunde, M. O., Sheperd, R. L., & Afolabi, O. A. (1992). Biodisponibilidad del hierro para la dela harina de granos de amaranto. El Amaranto El Su Potential, 3-4, 20–21.
Padmavathi, P., Muralidharam, S. R.,G., & Krishnaswamy, S. (1988). A study of the effect of immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide on experimental Eimeria tenella infection. Indian Veterinary Journal, 65(9), 775–778.
Pakandl, M., Hlaskova, L., Poplstein, M., Neveceralova, M., Vodicka, T., Salat, J., & Mucksova, J. (2008). Immune response to rabbit coccidiosis: a comparison between infections with Eimeria flavescens and E. intestinalis. Folia Parasitologica, 55(1), 1–6.
Pankova, S. N. (1997). Fonoforez amarantovogo masla pri lechenii nekotoryh zabolevanij slizistoj obolochki polosti rta [Phonophoresis of amaranth oil in the treatment of certain diseases of the oral mucosa]. Novye i Netradicionnye Rastenija i Perspektivy ih Ispol’zovanija, 1, 152–153 (in Russian).
Papeschi, C., Fichi, G., & Perrucci, S. (2013). Oocyst excretion pattern of three intestinal Eimeria species in female rabbits. World Rabbit Science, 21(2).
Petrov, R. V., Haitov, P. M., & Ataullahanov, R. I. (1983). Immunogenetika i iskusstvennye antigeny [Immunogenetics and artificial antigens]. Medicine, Moscow (in Russian).
Pino, A. C., Penate, M. A., Perez, T. G., & Nilda, R. (1991). Evaluacion toxicologia de una variaded de amaranto. Rev Cubana Aliment Nutr, 5(1), 83–87.
Pisarikova, B., Zraly, Z., Kracmar, S., Trckova, M., & Herzig, I. (2006). The use of amaranth (genus Amaranthus L.) in the diets for broiler chickens. Veterinarni Medicina, 51(7), 399–407.
Reduker, D. W., & Speer, C. A. (1986). Antigens of in vitro-produced first-generation merozoites of Eimeria bovis (Apicomplexa). The Journal of Parasitology, 72(5), 782.
Rose, M. E. (1975). Infections with Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina in the fowl: effect of previous infection with the heterologous organism on oocyst production. Parasitology, 70(2), 263–271.
Samitas, K., Lötvall, J., & Bossios, A. (2010). B cells: from early development to regulating allergic diseases. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis, 58(3), 209–225.
Sidorova, K. A., Esenbaeva, K. S., Petrova, N. A., Bektasheva, A. A., & Veremeeva, S. A. (2008). Kormovye dobavki v racionah krolikov [Feed additives in rabbit diets]. Veterinarnyj Vrach, 6, 51–53 (in Russian).
Sitailo, S. G., Elchaninova, T. I., & Vasilenko, Y. I. (2000). Sovremennye metody otcenki immunnogo statusa [Modern methods for assessing the immune status]. Krivoy Rog (in Ukrainian).
Slobodjan, R. O. (2016). Ejmerioz teljat (poshyrennja, diagnostyka ta likuvannja) [Eimeriosis of calves (distribution, diagnosis and treatment)]. Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
Trofimov, N. N., & Stegnij, B. T. (2014). Problemy jejmerioza krolikov v hozjajstvah AR Krym [Problems of eimeriosis of rabbits in farms of Crimea]. Veterinarija i Kormlenie, 3, 36–37 (in Russian).
Vlizlo, V. V., Fedorchuk, R. S., & Ratych, I. B. (2012). Laboratorni metody doslidzhen u biolohii, tvarynnytstvi ta veterynarnii medytsyni: dovidnyk [Laboratory methods of research in biology, livestock and veterinary medicine]. Lviv, Spolom, (in Ukrainian).
Wang, P., Li, J., Gong, P., Wang, W., Ai, Y., & Zhang, X. (2018). An OTU deubiquitinating enzyme in Eimeria tenella interacts with Eimeria tenella virus RDRP. Parasites & Vectors, 11(1).
Wisher, M. H. (1986). Identification of the sporozoite antigens of Eimeria tenella. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 21(1), 7–15.
Zajac, A. M. (1987). The role of gastrointestinal immuniti in parasitic infections of small animals. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, 2(4), 274–281.
Zhdan, V. M., Zazykina, D. S., & Lebid, V. G. (2010). Aspekty praktychnoi gematologii [Aspects of practical hematology]. Poltava (in Ukrainian).
Zhukov, Ju. A., & Hirug, S. S. (1993). Izmenenie funkcional’nogo sostojanija serdechnososudistoj sistemy zhivotnyh pri kormlenii ih amarantom [Change in the functional state of the cardiovascular system of animals when feeding them with amaranth]. Amarant: agrojekologija, pererabotka, ispol’zovanie, 89–92 (in Russian).
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Published
2020-01-29
How to Cite
Duda, Y. V. (2020). The effect of amaranth based feed additives on the indicators of rabbits’ cellular immunity during the eimeriosis. Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine, 8(1), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.81003
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