Advantages and difficulties of ultrasound analysis to determine the fertile period in bitches
Keywords:
female dog; ultrasound analysis; optimal insemination time
Abstract
Definition the fertile period is one of the most important factors contributing to fertilization. Therefore, this analysis is important to solve the problem of infertility. The methods that available today do not provide the expected result, because the vast majority of unsuccessful mating result are related to the incorrect determination of the ovulation period. Therefore, it is important to assess the condition of the ovaries, and the prospect is ultrasound examination, which is an effective method of monitoring the reproductive organs. Ultrasound analysis is a non-invasive and effective method to establish the fertile period in bitches which makes it possible to track changes in the ovaries, detect follicles, their number, and determine the true (morphological) signs of ovulation. Clinical-visual and hormonal studies which are based on the indirect determination of the optimal period of female insemination have the advantages in compare with vaginal cytology. Particularly, the use of ultrasound in real time allows to visualize the morphological changes of the ovaries and uterus – the irregular shape of the ovaries with large (0.6-1.2 cm) anechoic structures of a rounded or oval shape with a thin capsule, thickening of the endometrium (up to 0.5-0.8 cm) with a hypoechoic structure of the uterine horns. However, in our research we encountered certain difficulties, which turned out to be the same as other authors. Echography of the ovaries can seem a bit complicated, because the follicles that persist in them have a picture similar to that before and after ovulation. Some ovulated follicles do not always completely collapse (fall) during ovulation and are gradually replaced by luteal tissue while maintaining an echogenic picture on the days of the next ovulation. Non-ovulated follicles can complicate sonography interpretation. To diagnose ovulation, an ultrasound analysis should be performed twice a day, which is inconvenient for the owners. But if the ultrasound test is carried out less often than aforementioned number, there is a risk to miss the moment of ovulation, because the follicles before and after ovulation are very similar. An even more significant problem is the location of the ovaries in bitches – costovertebral angle surrounded by fat and an ovarian sac, which can create technical difficulties. In addition, this diagnostic approach may be more difficult in fat or very large dogs, as well as in dogs with thick skin (Shar Pei, Newfoundland).Downloads
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References
Aires, L. P. N., Gasser, B., Silva, P., Del Aguila Da Silva, P., Silveira, M. V., Carneiro, R. K., IwaoYamada, D., Padilha-Nakaghi, L. C., Uscategui, R. A. R., Spada, S., Russo, M., & Feliciano, M. A. R. (2021). High-definition ultrasonography in the evaluation of the reproductive tract of bitches during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle. Animal Reproduction Science, 234, 106870.
Aires, L. P. N., Gasser, B., Silva, P., Del’Aguila-Silva, P., Yamada, D. I., Carneiro, R. K., Bressianini Lima, B., Padilha-Nakaghi, L. C., Ramirez Uscategui, R. A., Spada, S., Russo, M., & Rossi Feliciano, M. A. (2022). Ovarian contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and Doppler fluxometry in bitches during the postovulatory estrus and corpora lutea formation. Theriogenology, 194, 162–170.
Barbosa, C. C., Souza, M. B., Scalercio, S. R. R. A., Silva, T. F. P., Domingues, S. F. S., & Silva, L. D. M. (2013). Ovarian and uterine periovulatory Doppler ultrasonography in bitches. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 33(9), 1144–1150.
Barbosa, C. D. C., de Souza, M. B., Uchoa, D. C., & da Silva, L. D. M. (2012). Ovarian ultrasonographic features during ovulation in bitches. Ciência Animal, 22(1), 527-530.
Berezovs'kyj, A. V., Harenko, M., Homyn, S., Koshevoj, V. P., Ponomarenko, V. P., Stefanyk, V. Ju. & Musijenko, Ju. V. (2017). Fiziologija ta patologija rozmnozhennja dribnyh tvaryn. Zhytomyr: Polissja (in Ukrainian).
Bergeron, L. H. (2010). Evaluation of ovarian ultrasonography and vaginal impedometry for monitoring periovulatory events in the bitch (Doctoral dissertation, University of Guelph). Available at: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/98f50fff-f2b8-4b59-a6da-ce981280df23/content.
Bergeron, L. H., Nykamp, S. G., Brisson, B. A., Madan, P., & Gartley, C. J. (2013). An evaluation of B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonography for detecting periovulatory events in the bitch. Theriogenology, 79(2), 274–283.
Bicudo, A. D. L., Mamprim, M. J., Lopes, M. D., Vulcano, L. C., & Derussi, A. A. P. (2010). Conventional ultrasound examination and dopplerfluxometry of ovarian of bitch, during the follicular phase of the oestral cycle. Veterinaria e Zootecnia, 17(4), 507-518. Available at: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20113295107
Bocci, F., Di Salvo, P., Zelli, R., & Polisca, A. (2006). Ovarian ultrasonography and progesterone concentration during the periovulatory period in bitches. In 5th Biannual Congress European Veterinary Society for Small Animal Reproduction (pp. 275-275).
Bordjugov, К. S., Bordjugova, S. S., & Kot, V. S. (2013). Rizni metody vyznachennja ovuljacii' u sobak [Different methods for determining ovulation in dogs]. Visnyk Poltavs'koi' Derzhavnoi' Agrarnoi' Akademii', (1), 116-119 (in Ukrainian).
Boyd, J. S., Renton, J. P., Harvey, M. J., Nickson, D. A., Eckersall, P. D., & Ferguson, J. M. (1993). Problems associated with ultrasonography of the canine ovary around the time of ovulation. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 47, 101-105.
Davydenko, N. G. (2017). Rezul'taty gistologichnogo doslidzhennja jajechnykiv neplidnyh samok sobak [Results of histological examination of the ovaries of infertile female dogs]. Problemy Zooinzhenerii' ta Veterynarnoi' Medycyny, 35(2), 114-118. (in Ukrainian).
Derkach, S. S. (2011). Diagnostyka optymal'nogo chasu osimeninnja suk (kliniko-eksperymental'ni dani): avtoreferat dysertacii' [Diagnostics of the optimal hour for females (clinical and experimental data): abstract of dissertation]. Kyiv: NUBiP (in Ukrainian).
Derkach, S. S., Val'chuk, O. A., Ljubec'kyj, Ja. V., & Kunak, Ju. V. (2011). Efektyvnist' vykorystannja metodiv vyznachennja optymal'nogo chasu osimeninnja suk [The effectiveness of using methods for determining the optimal time of insemination of bitches]. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 13(4-1(50)), 84-89 (in Ukrainian).
Domosławska, A., Jurczak, A., & Janowski, T. (2014). Progesterone level does not distinguish the different course of canine ovulation determined by ultrasonography. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 17(2), 293–297.
Eker, K., & Salmanoğlu, M. R. (2006). Ultrasonographic monitoring of follicular development, ovulation and corpora lutea formation in a bitch. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 30(6), 589-592.
England, G. (2002). Determination of the optimal breeding time in the bitch: basic considerations In: Concannon PW, England G, Verstegen J III, Linde Forsberg C, editors. Recent advances in small animal reproduction, Ithaca: International Veterinary Information Service.
England, G., Russo, M., & Freeman, S. (2009). Follicular dynamics, ovulation and conception rates in bitches. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44(s2), 53–58.
England, G. C., & Allen, W. E. (1989). Real-time ultrasonic imaging of the ovary and uterus of the dog. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 39, 91-100.
Fontbonne, A., & Malandain, E. (2006). Ovarian ultrasonography and follow-up of estrus in the bitch and queen. Waltham Focus, 16(2), 22-29.
Goodman, M. (2001). Ovulation Timing: Concepts and Controversies. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 31(2), 219–235.
Hahn, S.-E., Jo, Y.-K., Jin, Y.-K., & Jang, G. (2017). Timing of fertile period for successful pregnancy in American Bully dogs. Theriogenology, 104, 49–54.
Hayer, P., Günzel-Apel, A. R., Lüerssen, D., & Hoppen, H. O. (1993). Ultrasonographic monitoring of follicular development, ovulation and the early luteal phase in the bitch. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 47, 93-100.
Hewitt, D., & England, G. (2000). Assessment of optimal mating time in the bitch. In Practice, 22(1), 24–33.
Holumbiovska, T. V., & Stefanyk, V. Y. (2018). Disorders of reproductive function in female dogs and methods of diagnostic. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 20(83), 385–395.
Homych, V. T., Ljubeckyj, V. J., Melnyk, V. V., & Derkach, S. S. (2010). Ekspres-sposib farbuvannja mazkiv-vidbytkiv slyzovoi' obolonky pihvy dlja cytologichnogo doslidzhennja pry vyznachenni stadij statevogo cyklu ta optymal'nogo chasu osimeninnja suk [An express method of staining smears-imprints of the mucous membrane of the vagina for cytological research when determining the stages of the sexual cycle and the optimal time of insemination of bitches] (Patent of Ukraine for a utility model No. 49169). Kyiv: State Department of Intellectual Property (in Ukrainian).
Kähn, W., & Volkmann, D. (2004). Veterinary reproductive ultrasonography. Schlütersche.
Kim, H. S., Park, C. H., Kim, J. H., Mun, B. G., Kim, B. S., Lee, J. H., & Son, C. H. (2009). Serial Ultrasonographic Appearance of the Ovarian Structures during Proestrus, Estrus and Early Diestrus in Miniature Schnauzer Bitches. Journal of Embryo Transfer, 24(3), 151-157.
Koshevoj, V. P., Ivanchenko, M. M., Skliarov, P. M., Zimerman, O. O., & Naumenko, S. V. (2008). Veterynarna perynatologija [Veterinary perinatology]. Kharkiv: Sheinina E. V. publishing house (in Ukrainian).
Labib, F. M., Mansour, H. H., Mahdy, A. B., & Abdallah, A. A. (2018). Predicting the optimal time of breeding and the possible approaches for treatment of some estrus cycle abnormalities in bitches. Slovenian Veterinary Research, (55), 125-135.
Lévy, X., & Fontbonne, A. (2007). Determining the optimal time of mating in bitches: particularities. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 31(1), 128-134.
Mantziaras, G., & Luvoni, G. C. (2020). Advanced ultrasound techniques in small animal reproduction imaging. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 55(2), 17–25.
Niżanski, W. (2004). Ustalanie optymalnego terminu krycia i sztucznej inseminacji suk. Weterynaria w Praktyce, (1), 6-10 (In Polish).
Otavă, G., Mircu, C., Igna, V., Marc Zarcula, S., & Lo Presti, D. (2017). Vaginal smear, progesterone levels, and ultrasound examination of the ovaries as methods of determining the moment of ovulation in bitches comparative study. Lucrări Științifice USAMV – Iași Seria Medicină Veterinară, 60(3), 346-353.
Pardo‐Carmona, B., Moyano, M. R., Fernández‐Palacios, R., & Pérez‐Marín, C. C. (2010). Saliva crystallisation as a means of determining optimal mating time in bitches. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 51(8), 437–442.
Person, A., & Bjuff, S. (2016). Jehografija jaichnikov u sobaki [Echography of the ovaries in a dog]. Zooinform. (in Russian).
Plemjashov, К. V., & Plahova, А. I. (2018). Metody opredelenija vremeni vjazki u sobak [Methods for determining mating time in dogs]. Mezhdunarodnyj Vestnik Veterinarii, (2), 106-112 (in Russian).
Radokhlib A. H., & Krajewski A. J. (2014). Zminy klitynnogo skladu vaginal'nyh mazkiv suk u rizni fazy statevogo cyklu [Changes in the cellular composition of vaginal smears females in different phases of the sexual cycle]. Visnyk Sums'kogo Nacional'nogo Agrarnogo Universytetu, 6(35), 199-202. (in Ukrainian).
Renton, J. P., Boyd, J. S., Harvey, M. J. A., Ferguson, J. M., Nickson, D. A., & Eckersall, P. D. (1992). Comparison of endocrine changes and ultrasound as means of identifying ovulation in the bitch. Research in Veterinary Science, 53(1), 74–79.
Reynaud, K., Fontbonne, A., Saint‐Dizier, M., Thoumire, S., Marnier, C., Tahir, M., Meylheuc, T., & Chastant‐Maillard, S. (2012). Folliculogenesis, ovulation and endocrine control of oocytes and embryos in the dog. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 47(6), 66–69.
Silva, L. D., Onclin, K., & Verstegen, J. P. (1996). Assessment of ovarian changes around ovulation in bitches by ultrasonography, laparoscopy and hormonal assays. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 37(4), 313-320.
Skliarov, P. М. (2022). Biotehnologija vidtvorennja sobak i kotiv [Biotechnology of reproduction of dogs and cats]. Dnipro: FOP Shljupenkov O. A. (in Ukrainian).
Skliarov, P. М., Holubiev, O. V., Bilyi, D. D., Roman, L. H., Lieshchova, M. O., & Bobrytska, O. M. (2021). Efficiency test microscope “Arbor Elite” for determining the fertile period of bitches. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 23(101), 55–60.
Skliarov, P. M., Holubiev, O. V., & Mylostyvyi, R. V. (2022). Determining the optimal insemination time of bitches. FAVE Sección Ciencias Veterinarias, 21, e0005.
Songsasen, N., Nagashima, J., & Thongkittidilok, C. (2017). Endocrine and paracrine controls of canine follicular development and function. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 52(2), 29–34.
Tsuchida, M., Komura, N., Yoshihara, T., Kawasaki, Y., Sakurai, D., & Suzuki, H. (2021). Ultrasonographic observation in combination with progesterone monitoring for detection of ovulation in Labrador Retrievers. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 57(2), 149–156.
Tsutsui, T. (1989). Gamete physiology and timing of ovulation and fertilization in dogs. Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement, (39), 269-275.
Vlasenko, S. A., Eroshenko, А. V., Cherkavs'kij, S. V., & Plahotnjuk, I. N. (2021). Ul'trazvukovoj kontrol' za techeniem poslerodovogo perioda i diagnostika akusherskoj patologii u suk [Ultrasound monitoring of the postpartum period and diagnosis of obstetric pathology in bitches]. Еndless Light in Science, 3(1), 74-82 (in Russian).
Aires, L. P. N., Gasser, B., Silva, P., Del’Aguila-Silva, P., Yamada, D. I., Carneiro, R. K., Bressianini Lima, B., Padilha-Nakaghi, L. C., Ramirez Uscategui, R. A., Spada, S., Russo, M., & Rossi Feliciano, M. A. (2022). Ovarian contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and Doppler fluxometry in bitches during the postovulatory estrus and corpora lutea formation. Theriogenology, 194, 162–170.
Barbosa, C. C., Souza, M. B., Scalercio, S. R. R. A., Silva, T. F. P., Domingues, S. F. S., & Silva, L. D. M. (2013). Ovarian and uterine periovulatory Doppler ultrasonography in bitches. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 33(9), 1144–1150.
Barbosa, C. D. C., de Souza, M. B., Uchoa, D. C., & da Silva, L. D. M. (2012). Ovarian ultrasonographic features during ovulation in bitches. Ciência Animal, 22(1), 527-530.
Berezovs'kyj, A. V., Harenko, M., Homyn, S., Koshevoj, V. P., Ponomarenko, V. P., Stefanyk, V. Ju. & Musijenko, Ju. V. (2017). Fiziologija ta patologija rozmnozhennja dribnyh tvaryn. Zhytomyr: Polissja (in Ukrainian).
Bergeron, L. H. (2010). Evaluation of ovarian ultrasonography and vaginal impedometry for monitoring periovulatory events in the bitch (Doctoral dissertation, University of Guelph). Available at: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/98f50fff-f2b8-4b59-a6da-ce981280df23/content.
Bergeron, L. H., Nykamp, S. G., Brisson, B. A., Madan, P., & Gartley, C. J. (2013). An evaluation of B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonography for detecting periovulatory events in the bitch. Theriogenology, 79(2), 274–283.
Bicudo, A. D. L., Mamprim, M. J., Lopes, M. D., Vulcano, L. C., & Derussi, A. A. P. (2010). Conventional ultrasound examination and dopplerfluxometry of ovarian of bitch, during the follicular phase of the oestral cycle. Veterinaria e Zootecnia, 17(4), 507-518. Available at: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20113295107
Bocci, F., Di Salvo, P., Zelli, R., & Polisca, A. (2006). Ovarian ultrasonography and progesterone concentration during the periovulatory period in bitches. In 5th Biannual Congress European Veterinary Society for Small Animal Reproduction (pp. 275-275).
Bordjugov, К. S., Bordjugova, S. S., & Kot, V. S. (2013). Rizni metody vyznachennja ovuljacii' u sobak [Different methods for determining ovulation in dogs]. Visnyk Poltavs'koi' Derzhavnoi' Agrarnoi' Akademii', (1), 116-119 (in Ukrainian).
Boyd, J. S., Renton, J. P., Harvey, M. J., Nickson, D. A., Eckersall, P. D., & Ferguson, J. M. (1993). Problems associated with ultrasonography of the canine ovary around the time of ovulation. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 47, 101-105.
Davydenko, N. G. (2017). Rezul'taty gistologichnogo doslidzhennja jajechnykiv neplidnyh samok sobak [Results of histological examination of the ovaries of infertile female dogs]. Problemy Zooinzhenerii' ta Veterynarnoi' Medycyny, 35(2), 114-118. (in Ukrainian).
Derkach, S. S. (2011). Diagnostyka optymal'nogo chasu osimeninnja suk (kliniko-eksperymental'ni dani): avtoreferat dysertacii' [Diagnostics of the optimal hour for females (clinical and experimental data): abstract of dissertation]. Kyiv: NUBiP (in Ukrainian).
Derkach, S. S., Val'chuk, O. A., Ljubec'kyj, Ja. V., & Kunak, Ju. V. (2011). Efektyvnist' vykorystannja metodiv vyznachennja optymal'nogo chasu osimeninnja suk [The effectiveness of using methods for determining the optimal time of insemination of bitches]. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 13(4-1(50)), 84-89 (in Ukrainian).
Domosławska, A., Jurczak, A., & Janowski, T. (2014). Progesterone level does not distinguish the different course of canine ovulation determined by ultrasonography. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 17(2), 293–297.
Eker, K., & Salmanoğlu, M. R. (2006). Ultrasonographic monitoring of follicular development, ovulation and corpora lutea formation in a bitch. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 30(6), 589-592.
England, G. (2002). Determination of the optimal breeding time in the bitch: basic considerations In: Concannon PW, England G, Verstegen J III, Linde Forsberg C, editors. Recent advances in small animal reproduction, Ithaca: International Veterinary Information Service.
England, G., Russo, M., & Freeman, S. (2009). Follicular dynamics, ovulation and conception rates in bitches. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44(s2), 53–58.
England, G. C., & Allen, W. E. (1989). Real-time ultrasonic imaging of the ovary and uterus of the dog. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 39, 91-100.
Fontbonne, A., & Malandain, E. (2006). Ovarian ultrasonography and follow-up of estrus in the bitch and queen. Waltham Focus, 16(2), 22-29.
Goodman, M. (2001). Ovulation Timing: Concepts and Controversies. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 31(2), 219–235.
Hahn, S.-E., Jo, Y.-K., Jin, Y.-K., & Jang, G. (2017). Timing of fertile period for successful pregnancy in American Bully dogs. Theriogenology, 104, 49–54.
Hayer, P., Günzel-Apel, A. R., Lüerssen, D., & Hoppen, H. O. (1993). Ultrasonographic monitoring of follicular development, ovulation and the early luteal phase in the bitch. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 47, 93-100.
Hewitt, D., & England, G. (2000). Assessment of optimal mating time in the bitch. In Practice, 22(1), 24–33.
Holumbiovska, T. V., & Stefanyk, V. Y. (2018). Disorders of reproductive function in female dogs and methods of diagnostic. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 20(83), 385–395.
Homych, V. T., Ljubeckyj, V. J., Melnyk, V. V., & Derkach, S. S. (2010). Ekspres-sposib farbuvannja mazkiv-vidbytkiv slyzovoi' obolonky pihvy dlja cytologichnogo doslidzhennja pry vyznachenni stadij statevogo cyklu ta optymal'nogo chasu osimeninnja suk [An express method of staining smears-imprints of the mucous membrane of the vagina for cytological research when determining the stages of the sexual cycle and the optimal time of insemination of bitches] (Patent of Ukraine for a utility model No. 49169). Kyiv: State Department of Intellectual Property (in Ukrainian).
Kähn, W., & Volkmann, D. (2004). Veterinary reproductive ultrasonography. Schlütersche.
Kim, H. S., Park, C. H., Kim, J. H., Mun, B. G., Kim, B. S., Lee, J. H., & Son, C. H. (2009). Serial Ultrasonographic Appearance of the Ovarian Structures during Proestrus, Estrus and Early Diestrus in Miniature Schnauzer Bitches. Journal of Embryo Transfer, 24(3), 151-157.
Koshevoj, V. P., Ivanchenko, M. M., Skliarov, P. M., Zimerman, O. O., & Naumenko, S. V. (2008). Veterynarna perynatologija [Veterinary perinatology]. Kharkiv: Sheinina E. V. publishing house (in Ukrainian).
Labib, F. M., Mansour, H. H., Mahdy, A. B., & Abdallah, A. A. (2018). Predicting the optimal time of breeding and the possible approaches for treatment of some estrus cycle abnormalities in bitches. Slovenian Veterinary Research, (55), 125-135.
Lévy, X., & Fontbonne, A. (2007). Determining the optimal time of mating in bitches: particularities. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 31(1), 128-134.
Mantziaras, G., & Luvoni, G. C. (2020). Advanced ultrasound techniques in small animal reproduction imaging. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 55(2), 17–25.
Niżanski, W. (2004). Ustalanie optymalnego terminu krycia i sztucznej inseminacji suk. Weterynaria w Praktyce, (1), 6-10 (In Polish).
Otavă, G., Mircu, C., Igna, V., Marc Zarcula, S., & Lo Presti, D. (2017). Vaginal smear, progesterone levels, and ultrasound examination of the ovaries as methods of determining the moment of ovulation in bitches comparative study. Lucrări Științifice USAMV – Iași Seria Medicină Veterinară, 60(3), 346-353.
Pardo‐Carmona, B., Moyano, M. R., Fernández‐Palacios, R., & Pérez‐Marín, C. C. (2010). Saliva crystallisation as a means of determining optimal mating time in bitches. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 51(8), 437–442.
Person, A., & Bjuff, S. (2016). Jehografija jaichnikov u sobaki [Echography of the ovaries in a dog]. Zooinform. (in Russian).
Plemjashov, К. V., & Plahova, А. I. (2018). Metody opredelenija vremeni vjazki u sobak [Methods for determining mating time in dogs]. Mezhdunarodnyj Vestnik Veterinarii, (2), 106-112 (in Russian).
Radokhlib A. H., & Krajewski A. J. (2014). Zminy klitynnogo skladu vaginal'nyh mazkiv suk u rizni fazy statevogo cyklu [Changes in the cellular composition of vaginal smears females in different phases of the sexual cycle]. Visnyk Sums'kogo Nacional'nogo Agrarnogo Universytetu, 6(35), 199-202. (in Ukrainian).
Renton, J. P., Boyd, J. S., Harvey, M. J. A., Ferguson, J. M., Nickson, D. A., & Eckersall, P. D. (1992). Comparison of endocrine changes and ultrasound as means of identifying ovulation in the bitch. Research in Veterinary Science, 53(1), 74–79.
Reynaud, K., Fontbonne, A., Saint‐Dizier, M., Thoumire, S., Marnier, C., Tahir, M., Meylheuc, T., & Chastant‐Maillard, S. (2012). Folliculogenesis, ovulation and endocrine control of oocytes and embryos in the dog. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 47(6), 66–69.
Silva, L. D., Onclin, K., & Verstegen, J. P. (1996). Assessment of ovarian changes around ovulation in bitches by ultrasonography, laparoscopy and hormonal assays. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 37(4), 313-320.
Skliarov, P. М. (2022). Biotehnologija vidtvorennja sobak i kotiv [Biotechnology of reproduction of dogs and cats]. Dnipro: FOP Shljupenkov O. A. (in Ukrainian).
Skliarov, P. М., Holubiev, O. V., Bilyi, D. D., Roman, L. H., Lieshchova, M. O., & Bobrytska, O. M. (2021). Efficiency test microscope “Arbor Elite” for determining the fertile period of bitches. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 23(101), 55–60.
Skliarov, P. M., Holubiev, O. V., & Mylostyvyi, R. V. (2022). Determining the optimal insemination time of bitches. FAVE Sección Ciencias Veterinarias, 21, e0005.
Songsasen, N., Nagashima, J., & Thongkittidilok, C. (2017). Endocrine and paracrine controls of canine follicular development and function. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 52(2), 29–34.
Tsuchida, M., Komura, N., Yoshihara, T., Kawasaki, Y., Sakurai, D., & Suzuki, H. (2021). Ultrasonographic observation in combination with progesterone monitoring for detection of ovulation in Labrador Retrievers. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 57(2), 149–156.
Tsutsui, T. (1989). Gamete physiology and timing of ovulation and fertilization in dogs. Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement, (39), 269-275.
Vlasenko, S. A., Eroshenko, А. V., Cherkavs'kij, S. V., & Plahotnjuk, I. N. (2021). Ul'trazvukovoj kontrol' za techeniem poslerodovogo perioda i diagnostika akusherskoj patologii u suk [Ultrasound monitoring of the postpartum period and diagnosis of obstetric pathology in bitches]. Еndless Light in Science, 3(1), 74-82 (in Russian).
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Published
2023-06-21
How to Cite
Holubiev, O. V., SkliarovP. М., Pérez-Marín, C. C., Mylostyvyi, R. V., Vakulyk, V. V., & Suslova, N. I. (2023). Advantages and difficulties of ultrasound analysis to determine the fertile period in bitches. Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine, 11(2), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.32819/2023.11008
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